1.
Rheum Dis Clin North Am
; 48(4): 827-843, 2022 Nov.
Article
in English
| MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2232614
ABSTRACT
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex, chronic autoimmune disease. The etiology of SLE is multifactorial and includes potential environmental triggers, which may occur sequentially (the "multi-hit" hypothesis). This review focuses on SLE risk potentially associated with environmental factors including infections, the microbiome, diet, respirable exposures (eg, crystalline silica, smoking, air pollution), organic pollutants, heavy metals, and ultraviolet radiation.